What effect does using low-quality materials have on concrete durability?

Using low-quality materials in concrete can severely compromise the durability of the finished product. When inferior materials are utilized, they often have properties that do not meet the necessary standards for strength, permeability, and resistance to cracking.

Increased permeability is a significant concern, as it allows water and other harmful substances to penetrate the concrete more easily, which can accelerate deterioration. Additionally, reduced strength means the concrete may not withstand loads and stresses as well as it should, making it more susceptible to fractures and failure. This combination ultimately raises the likelihood of cracking, leading to greater maintenance needs and a shorter lifespan for the concrete structure.

The other options suggest various positive effects of low-quality materials, which do not align with the fundamental principles of concrete science and materials engineering. It is well established that high-quality materials are essential for achieving the intended performance and durability of concrete.